An often overlooked aspect of web performance tuning is the effect of using the HTTPS protocol to create a secure web site. As applications move from the desktop onto the web, the need for security and privacy means that HTTPS is now heavily used by web sites that need to be responsive enough for every day use.

The tips shown below may help you to avoid some of the common performance and development problems encountered on sites using HTTPS:

Tip #1: Use Keep-Alive Connections

Whenever a browser accesses a web site it must create one or more TCP connections. That can be in lengthy operation even with normal unsecured HTTP.  The use of Keep-Alive connections reduces this overhead by reusing TCP connections for multiple HTTP requests. The screen shot below from HttpWatch shows the TCP connection time over HTTP is approximately 130 milliseconds for our web site when it is accessed from the UK:

Using HTTPS, the lack of Keep-Alive connections can lead to an even larger degradation in performance because an SSL connection also has to be setup once the TCP connection has been made. This requires several roundtrips between the browser and web server to allow them to agree on an encryption key (often referred to as the SSL session key) . The corresponding connection time to the same server using HTTPS is nearly four times longer as it includes the HTTPS overhead:

If a HTTPS connection is re-used the overhead of the both the TCP connection and SSL handshake are avoided.

Some web browsers and servers now allow the re-use of these SSL session keys across connections, but you may not always have control over the web server configuration or the type of browser used.

Tip #2: Avoid Mixed Content Warnings

In a previous blog post we talked about the confusing and annoying dialog that is displayed by default if a secure page uses any HTTP resources:

To stop this warning dialog interrupting the page download you need to ensure that everything on the page is accessed over HTTPS. It doesn’t have to be from the same site but it must use HTTPS. For example, the addition of HTTPS support allows the Google Ajax libraries to be safely loaded from secure pages.

Tip #3: Use Persistent Caching For Static Content

If you follow Tip #2 then everything that your page needs, including images, CSS and Javascript, will be accessed over HTTPS. You would normally want to persistently cache static content like this for as long as possible to reduce load on the web site and improve performance when a user revisits your site.

Of course, you wouldn’t want to cache anything on the disk that was specific to the user (e.g. HTML page with account details or a pie chart of their monthly spending). On most pages though, nearly all of the non-HTML content can be safely stored, shared and re-used.

There seems to be some confusion over whether caching is possible with HTTPS. For example, Google say this about Gmail over HTTPS:

You may find that Gmail is considerably slower over the HTTPS connection, because browsers do not cache these pages and must reload the code that makes Gmail work each time you change screens.

Although, 37Signals acknowledge that in-memory caching is possible, they say that persistent caching is not possible:

The problem is that browsers don’t like caching SSL content. So when you have an image or a style sheet on SSL, it’ll generally only be kept in memory and may even be scrubbed from there if the user is low on RAM (though you can kinda get around that).

Even when you do your best to limit the number of style sheets and javascript files and gzip them for delivery, it’s still mighty inefficient and slow to serve them over SSL every single time the user comes back to your site. Even when nothing changed. HTTP caching was supposed to help you with that, but over SSL it’s almost all for naught.

In reality, persistent caching is possible with HTTPS using both IE and Firefox.

Using HttpWatch you can see if content is loaded from the cache by looking for (Cache) in the Result column or by looking for the blue Cache Read block in the time chart. Here is an example of visiting https://www.httpwatch.com with a primed cache in IE. You can see that all the static resources are reloaded directly from the cache without a round trip to the web server:

If you try this in Firefox 3.0 without adjusting your response headers you will see this instead:

The ‘200’ values in the Result column indicate that the static content is being reloaded even though the site was previously visited and a valid Expires setting was used. Unless you specify otherwise, Firefox will put HTTPS resources into the in-memory cache so that they can only be re-used within a browser session. When Firefox closes the contents of the in-memory cache is lost.

The about:cache page in Firefox confirms that these files are stored using the in-memory cache:

To allow persistent caching of secure content in Firefox you need to set the Cache-Control response header to Public:

This value moves HTTPS based content into the persistent Firefox disk cache and in the case of https://www.httpwatch.com it more than halves the page load time due to the decrease in network round trips and TCP/SSL connections:

The Public cache setting is normally used to indicate that the content is not per user and can be safely stored in shared caches such as HTTP proxies. With HTTPS this is meaningless as proxies are unable to see the contents of HTTPS requests. So Firefox cleverly uses this header to control whether the content is stored persistently to the disk.

This feature was only added in Firefox version 3.0 so it won’t work with older versions. Fortunately, the take up version 3.0 is reported to be much faster than IE 6 to 7.

Tip #4: Use an HTTPS Aware Sniffer

A network sniffer is an invaluable tool for optimizing and debugging any client server application. But if you use a network level tool like Netmon or WireShark you cannot view HTTPS requests without access to the private key that the web site uses to encrypt SSL connections.

Often organizations will not allow the use of private keys outside of a production environment, and even if you have administrative access to your web site, getting the private key and using it to decrypt network traffic is not an easy task.

HttpWatch was originally born out of the frustration of trying to debug secure sites. Viewing HTTPS traffic in HttpWatch is easy as it integrates directly with IE or Firefox, and therefore has access to the unencrypted version of the data that is transmitted over HTTPS.

The free Basic Edition shows high level data and performance time charts for any site, and lower level data for a number of well know sites including Amazon.com, eBay.com, Google.com and HttpWatch.com . For example, you can try it with HTTPS by going to https://www.httpwatch.com .

You can check SSL/TLS configuration our new SSL test tool SSLRobot . It will also look for potential issues with the certificates, ciphers and protocols used by your site. Try it now for free!

Our blog post ‘Test Drive of the Google Hosted Ajax Libraries‘ looked at using Google’s CDN (Content Delivery Network) to serve up commonly used libraries such as jQuery and Prototype.

One significant advantage, that we found, was that downloading a library from a different hostname (i.e. ajax.googleapis.com) helps to avoid the HTTP connection limiting behavior that causes blocking in browsers:

There are other significant advantages to using Google hosted libraries:

• The libraries are hosted on Google’s high speed global network providing fast access from most locations world wide
• HTTP compression minimizes the size of the download
• Minimized versions of the each library are available to further reduce download size
• The library that your site uses may already be in the user’s browser cache if the user has visited another site that uses the Google hosted libraries
• You can specify which version of a library should be used with a hard coded URL or allow for automatic version upgrades using the google.load() function
• Google picks up the bandwidth bill for the hosted Javascript libraries

However, there was one issue that stopped us using the Google CDN. Its lack of HTTPS support caused this warning to be generated on secure pages:

The good news is that Google has added SSL support and we were able to change the script tag on our Ajax Demo page to:

<script type="text/javascript"
src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.2.6/jquery.min.js">
</script>

So, you can now have all the performance benefits of the Google CDN without the userability issues on secure pages.

Have you ever been to a web site and seen this?

This warning is triggered in IE if it is displaying a secure HTTPS page that has caused a non-secure (i.e. HTTP based) resource to be downloaded. The message box doesn’t allow the user to control whether the non-secure content should be downloaded, only whether it should be displayed.

This seems rather pointless as the damage may already have been done if the non-secure content was a picture of your passport, bank statement or credit card! However, this is the default setting in IE so it is best to avoid this warning being generated on your web site.

This setting can be changed in IE by:

1. Going  to Tools->Internet Options->Security
2. Select the Security tab
3. Click on the Internet zone icon at the top of the tab page
4. Click the Custom Level button
5. In the Miscellaneous section change Display mixed content to Enable
6. Repeat steps 1 – 5 for the Local intranet and Trusted sites zones

Recently, we saw this warning in the shopping cart of an  computer store,  so we fired up HttpWatch to see what was causing the problem. A quick search for a URL starting with ‘http:’ should have located the request causing the problem:

No HTTP requests were recorded for this page in HttpWatch. So what was causing the ‘Do you want to display nonsecure items’ message?

It turns out that IE warns about HTTP based content even if it was read from the browser cache or the IE image cache. Requests from the browser cache are shown as (Cache) in HttpWatch, but as we previously described access to the IE image cache is not recorded.

The resource causing the warning on this page must have been read from the image cache. We confirmed this by refreshing the page in IE and performing another search:

The refresh forced IE to download all the embedded resources on the page and it became clear that it was the Google Checkout image that was causing the problem. Changing this image’s URL to use HTTPS would prevent the warning from appearing.